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Safety -A speech on safety day

Posted by sksingh on June 7th, 2010

Safety is a source of prime concern from the time immemorial. The man has covered a long distance from jungle to the present civilisation. Search of the state of being certain that adverse effects will not be caused by some agent under defined conditioned has motivated him to the present condition. It may also be termed as device designed to prevent injury or accident. It is also closely related with the prosperity.

In India, the National Safety Day/Safety Week Campaign is being spearheaded by National Safety Council for nearly three decades to mark its Foundation Day (4th March). On this date inthe year 1966 it was formed. It is an apex  nonprofit making, tripartite body,  registered under the Societies Registration Act 1860 and the Bombay Public Trust Act 1950.It has significantly contributed to reduction in the rate of industrial accidents in the country and has created wide spread safety awareness even in such sectors which have not been covered by any safety legislation. The campaign is comprehensive, general and flexible with an appeal to the participating organisations to develop specific activities as per their safety requirements. Theme for the year 2010 is

Ensure Safe and Healthy working conditions for every worker

हरेक कर्मचारी के लिए काम की सुरक्षित एवं स्वास्थ्यकारी स्थितियां सुनिश्चित करें

OBJECTIVES:

  • to take Safety, Health and Environment (SHE) movement to different parts of the country.
  • to achieve participation of major players in different industrial sectors at different levels.
  • to promote use of participative approach by employers by involving their employees in SHE activities.
  • to promote development of need-based activities, self-compliance with statutory requirements and professional SHE management systems at work places.
  • to bring into the fold of voluntary SHE movement sectors, which have not so far been statutorily covered.
  • to remind employers, employees and others concerned of their responsibility in making the workplace safer.

In summary, the above objectives are part of an overall goal of creating and strengthening SHE culture in workplace and integrating the same with the work culture.

At BVFCL health and safety will not come about by waving a magic wand, it requires workers to be equipped to change the way things are done at the workplace. All should do their work in congruence of one & only one objective i. e. creation of safe and healthy work condition. For achieving it we have to make & follow a definite strategies such as:-
1. Creation of awareness among all
2. Imparting education / training to all
3. To stop the habbit of crticising unnecessarily / buck passing
4. To identify causes of a system failure & correction of defficiencies – Root Cause Analysis 
5. Detailed examination for dangerous situation
6. Detailed examination for flaw
7. Implementation of standard protocols and procedures so that activities are conducted in a known way.
8. Self-imposition of regulations of various types
9  Safety communications to maintain a high level of awareness on safety
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A View (in the path of safety)

Posted by sksingh on May 6th, 2010

A Collection by Anand Vishwaroop

 

  • In 1911, a professional, technical organization responsible for developing safety codes for boilers and elevators, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) was founded. A17 Safety Code was published.

  • 1911-1915, During this five-year period, 30 states passed workers’ compensation laws.

    In October 14, 1911, the American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) was founded in New York City. Originally named the United Society of Casualty Inspectors. The ASSE was dedicated to the development of accident prevention techniques, and to the advancement of safety engineering as a profession.

    California Railroad Commission, now known as the California Public Utilities Commission, ws created by constitutional amendment to oversee rail safety, including the safety of highway/rail crossings.

    In 1912, a group of engineers representing insurance companies, industry, and government met in Milwaukee to exchange data on accident prevention. The organization formed at this meeting was to become the National Safety Council (NSC). (Today, the NSC carries on major safety campaigns for the general public, as well as assists industry in the development of safety promotion programs.)

    In 1916, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state workers’ compensation laws.

    In 1918, the American Standards Association was founded. Responsible for the development of many voluntary safety standards, some of which are referenced into laws, today, it is now called the American National Standards Institute [ANSI].

    In 1931 the Uniform Traffic Code was established because of the increase in speed and volume of motor vehicle traffic and accidents. The code consists of four separate acts: motor vehicle registration, driver licensing, automobile anti-theft and uniform traffic regulations.

    In 1936, Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor, called for a federal occupational safety and health law. This action came a full 58 years after organized labor’s first recorded request for a law of this nature.

    In 1936, the Walsh-Healey (Public Contracts) Act passed. This law required that all federal contracts be fulfilled in a healthful and safe working environment.

    By 1948, all states (48 at the time) now had workers’ compensation laws.

    In 1952, Coal Mine Safety Act (CMSA) was passed into law.

    In 1960, specific safety standards were promulgated for the Walsh-Healey Act.

    On Jan 3, 1961, an accident at an experimental nuclear reactor at a federal installation near Idaho Falls, ID kills three workers. These were the first deaths in U.S. nuclear reactor operations.

    In 1966, the Metal and Nonmetallic Mines Safety Act (MNMSA) was passed.

    In 1966, the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and its sections, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), were established.

    In 1968, President Lyndon Johnson called for a federal occupational safety and health law.

    In 1969, the Construction Safety Act (CSA) was passed.

    In 1969, the Board of Certified Safety Professionals (BCSP) was established. This organization certifies practitioners in the safety profession.

    In 1970, President Richard Nixon signed into law the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), thus creating the OSHA administration and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

    In 1970, on January 1, the National Environmental Policy Act, (NEPA) was signed. This provided a national charter for protecting and improving the environment and created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

    On May 29, 1971, the firast OSHA standards were adopted to provide a baseline for safety and health protection in American workplaces.

    In 1972, the Consumers Product Safety Act (CPSA) was signed into law.

    In 1976, The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) passed and became the instrument by which the management of hazardous waste is regulated.

    In 1980, to address the issues of hazardous waste management, the Pollution Liability Insurance Association (PLIA) was formed.

    Jan 16, 1981 OSHA updates business electrical standards to simplify compliance and adopt a performance approach.

    1991 North Carolina Plant Fire kills 25 workers and 49 injured at the Imperial Chicken processing plant in Hamlet NC. The employees were trapped inside due to padlocked doors meant to keep vandals away.

    Sep 11, 2001, 2886 work related fatalities including 537 rescue workers, resulted from terrorist attacks on the NY City World Trade Center, at the Pentagon, an on the planes that crashed.

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    STRESSORS – HOW TO COMBAT ?

    Posted by sksingh on February 14th, 2010
    ... be calm ...

    ... be calm ...

    As alreaady discussed in our earlier articles, sressors are to be combated & conquered which is vital for welfare and wellness of an individual. But it is easier to say than to translate into the action. Our actions in proper direction got hurdled due to the environment, traits inherited by us and various other factors beyound the control of an individual. Life is not a bed of roses but a path full of thorns. Only a few are born with a silver spoon in their mouths. But for a large majority - one will have to make his own path. Under the circumstances as mentioned above, creation of stresses is natural. Now the question arises how to combat & conquer the streessers? We are are not able to avoid them but we can mend ourself in such a manner that ultimately we are able to overcome our difficulties.

    In many cases, situations do not cause all of the stress that we experience. Sometimes, our reaction to circumstances (and what we say to ourselves about them) contributes to the stress we experience. Now with the financial year coming to an end all the people; especially salaried class; is much worried about taxes. He is running after here & there and often misguided by different agents/advertisementers for tax savings. An individual simply fails to understand that it is his duty to pay tax for running state machineries. It is a cause of stress. In this context I would like to narrate a joke.

    Lecture was being delivered by a Professor of Economics in a class. Suddenly  he stopped and ask a question.

    Professor(asking from students)-”What do you mean by tax?”

    One of the student replied-” Tax is a fine for better perfomance.” 

    Professor  - “Then what is fine?”

    Student – ” A tax for mistakes.”

    Thus, it can be well argued that the way we live our lives can have a huge impact on the way that we experience stress. This artcle may be be useful for living a healthy lifestyle can help us to reduce background stress levels. This makes us more resilient, and means that we are able to cope with major work stresses more effectively.

    • Development of self

    For development of self it is vital to develop a lifestyle that reduces background levels of stress and allows us to live life to the full. Adopting a healthy lifestyle means that we must concentrate better and are more energetic in  the area in which we are engaged. This is particularly important when we are in a challenging or stressful situations. It is also important in building stamina (the ability to survive intensely stressful situations over the long term). We may be able for development of self by regular practice of Yoga.

    • Performance Stress

           These are the skills we require at our disposal every time we need to succeed under stress. We are supposed to manage our environment; an individual can not change it.Sometimes we are right in what we think about ourselves. Often, however, we are overly harsh and unjust in a way that we would never be with our friends or co-workers. This, along with other negative thinking, can cause intense stress and unhappiness and can severely damage our self-confidence.

    • Think srttess away

             How we react to stress can have a profound effect on how stressful they become. Negative thinking should be overcome. Managing Stress With Rational Thinking. Negative thinking damages our performance by undermining our self-confidence. It also occupies  attaintional capacity at times when we need to focus our entire mind & energy on what we are doing.

     

    • Relaxation Techniques

           Simple techniques for relaxing and dealing with the unpleasant symptoms of stress should be learnt.This is one part of dealing with intense long-term stress. Other parts involve developing support networks to relieve stress, and adopting enjoyable pastimes to counterbalance the unpleasantness/ unhappiness of stress. Again, we look at these here.

    • Avoiding Burnout

           Our job may be challenging – and stressful. We should remain passionate and committed by avoiding or recovering from burnout.By offsetting the unpleasant, stressful events in our life with plenty of Equally important is achieving a good work-life balancegood, enjoyable events, we make life more tolerable and reduce the risk of burnout.

    • Practice of Yoga

             It may be adopted for all round development of mind and body. Yoga may be termed as path leading to knowledge about the self in relation to the nature. Also it has been described in different terms such as:

    TO REMAIN SAME IN CONTRADICTORY SITUATIONS ( समत्वं योग उच्चयते २/४८ Srimad Bhagwat Gita )

    To control activity of one’s mind (योगश्चित्त वृत्ति निरोधः – पंतजलि)

    To be expert in one’s own job (योगः कर्मसु कौशलं – पंतजलि )

    Yoga was a way of life in ancient India. Basically it is the process of getting self acualisation by an individual. It can well be compared by Maslow’s theory of need hierarchy. Although this theory got wide acclaimation through out the world but failed to get support through field studies. Like Yoga it is also related to the feelings generated within the self and actions there after. It is very difficult to measure & quantify such things through studies. Also, experiance of one individual will differ with that of the other.Similarly in Yoga, no two individual will gain same experience. The adopted path may be same but experience differs a lot. It is very difficult to measure the progress made by an individual during practice.

    STEPS IN YOGA

    •  YAMA(यम)
    •  NIYAMA (नियम)
    • ASANA (आसन)
    •  PRANAYAMA (प्राणायाम)
    • PRATYAHAR (प्रत्याहार)
    • DHARNA (धारणा)
    •  DHYANA (ध्यान)
    • SAMADHI(समाधि)

    As already known to all, physiological and safety are externally or lower order needs. In similar fashion Yama & Niyama are means to control lower order desires. Asana & Pranayam is basically for better health. It has been included in `safety’ as per Maslow. Many of us have already experienced the effect of Asanas & Pranayams and benefitted.Love, esteem and Self actualisation are related with fulfilment of higher order needs. Pratyahar , Dharna & Dhyana are the process of advancement of an individual to a higher degree. It is basically related to contol of mind and thoughts. Now a days experts are using it as tool for Stress Management. Samadhi is a position of highest degree.

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    FAULT – FINDING

    Posted by sksingh on January 6th, 2010

    it basically consists of two words FAULT & FINDING. FAULT is basically a defect or imperfection; flaws; failing; responsibility for failure or a wrongful act; an error or mistake or a misdeed or transgression. Simlarly the finding is related to the act of a person or thing that finds; discovery; something to be ascertained; decision or verdict after enquiry or careful observation. In genaral term the act or action of finding the fault is termed as FAULT – FINDING .

    It is basically a thinking or a philosophy towards the critical operation/ situation. The emphasis of traditional thinking is on showing how something is wrong; how something does not fit in with pre-established laws or principles; and how something does not fit in with some pre-defined category. It is a skill or technique employed in various fields, crafts& trades basically to conduct/ guide human activity. These are principles or method of governing any craft or branch of learning or trade. It is related to the apreciation or criticism of an individual; the quality of work; production;expression or realm.

    For a quick rise in the ladder of hierarchy and to get a recognition of the self adopting the techniqe is vital. One will be able to demoralise his opponent by persistent petty and unjustified comments. Frequent disapprovals are to be made by pointing out faults or shortcomings of others. Moral judgenents or judgements based on personal opinion should be made against the opponents. Always try to tend & to find and call attention to faults and be a captious pedant.

    EXCESSIVE CRITICISM
    It is well known fact that excessive criticism is rather unconstructive and demoralising to the others. Try to snatch creativity of your opponents by employing this tactics.  

    RISK-AVERSE
    There are some faults which are immediately obvious. There are some faults which any mind that is risk-averse will be able to find. But try to find faults which are not at all easy to find. One may need to use his creative imagination to foresee different possibilities and different circumstances in order to manuevering the opponents.

    The purpose of the creativity is not only to create new ideas but also to create a new perceptions. Insights and new ways of looking at things are just as creative an output as a new invention for clearing the hurdles in the path of upliftment.

    CONSIDERING THE FAULTS
    Basically it is direction to think and manipulating in one’s own favour.These faults are fairly obvious. But there are others which are less obvious. Highlight those less obvious faults too.

    STUDY OF PERSONALITY OF THE OPPONENT

    It is the most priority task to identify & study of the sum total of the physical, mental, emotional, and social characteristics of the individual. Thorough study  the organized pattern of behavioral characteristics, the quality of the individual, personal identity and the essential character. The plan should be executed without negligence or omissions and after a thorough search.

    Following methods may be employed to serve one’s own need:

    • Don’t encourage Parallel Thinking
    • Don’t encourage full-spectrum thinking
    • separate ego from evalueation

    Always try to demoralise to your opponent to a such extent that he can not raise his head again.

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    Stressor -II

    Posted by sksingh on December 30th, 2009

    Stressed Out

    Don’t be bogged down by stresses

    There are a large no of stressors in our day to day life. It is very difficult to classify or organised them in a definite manner. Our daily routine also causes a lot of stresses. To get a bus or train in mega cities is a cause of concern in Mega Cities.  Effect of stressors vary from person to person due to the followings:

    EMOTIONS :

    Weird Guy

    As per Benedict de Spinoza in the 17th century ” emotions as bodily changes that result in the amplification or attenuation of action and as processes that can facilitate or impede action. Emotion also included the ideas, or mental representations, of the bodily changes in emotion as per Spinoza.

    Today, there are misc. views among researchers. They define it in different ways. Now a days it has been regarded as biological responses to situations over which one has little control.

    A common view is that emotions consist of: 

     Subjective Feelings:

                                       How the individual feels/ interprets at any point. It can not be readily obsreved.

    Expressive Behaviour:

                                     It is the outwards signs during experiecing of the Stress. It can be intentional or  untentiona.  It gets reflected in facial expressions as well as in body languages.

    Psychological Responses:

                                    It evolves the body changes while experiencing the emotion. It consists of action of brain as well as Automatic Nervous System. It is termed as sudden awareness or arousal.

    Regarding details of emotion followings are require to be studied:

     # Study of emotions

    # Nervous System

    # Theories associated wit emotions

    # Types of emotions

    # Expression

    # Influencing Emotion

    # Effect of Emotion

    # Dealing with Emotions

    ( # These are out side the perview of the article hence left)

     Laughter:

    -)

    Effect of sressors is very much dependent upon the laughter. It is our response to the envoronment in a different peculiar. Under certain conditions, our body performs “rhythmic, vocalised, expiratory, and involuntary actions” [Brittanica 1999].

    Fifteen facial muscles contract and there is electrical stimulation of the zygomatic major muscle especiallyr. Currents of various intensity, produce a wide range of facial responses. The respiratory system is upset by the epiglottis half-closing, so that air intake occurs in irregular gasps, rather than calm breaths. Under extreme circumstances, the tear ducts are activated, so that while the mouth is opening and closing and there is a struggle for a sufficient amount of oxygen intake, the face becomes moist and often red. Noises often accompany this odd behaviour “ranging from controlled snickers, escaped chortles, and spontaneous giggles, to ridiculous cackles, noisy hoots, and up-roarious guffaws. [Wooten, P., 1996, pg. 3]

    Fun:

     

    -) Ever stop to think, and forget to start again?

     

    The term  “fun “  is associated with the activities which are enjoyable or amusing such as merryment, playfulness etc. It is also related with verbal wit or mockery ( more often at the another’s expense but not to be atken seriously), voilent and excited activity or a disposition to find ( or make) causes for amusement. Amusement is the real purpose of fun.  
    As already mentioned earlier and it bears repeating again: stress is not always a bad thing. Stress is simply the body’s response to changes that create taxing demands.  As per  Dr. Lazarus (building on Dr. Selye’s work) suggested that there is a difference between eustress, which is a term for positive stress, and distress, which refers to negative stress. In daily life, we often use the term “stress” to describe negative situations. This leads many people to believe that all stress is bad for you, which is not true. Eustress, or positive stress, has the following characteristics: 

    • Motivates, focuses energy
    • Is short-term
    • Is perceived as within our coping abilities
    • Feels exciting
    • Improves performance

    In contrast, Distress, or negative stress, has the following characteristics:

    • Causes anxiety or concern
    • Can be short- or long-term
    • Is perceived as outside of our coping abilities
    • Feels unpleasant
    • Decreases performance
    • Can lead to mental and physical problems

    It is somewhat hard to categorize stressors into objective lists of those that cause eustress and those that cause distress, because different people will have different reactions to particular situations. However, by generalizing, we can compile a list of stressors that are typically experienced as negative or positive to most people, most of the time.

    Examples of negative personal stressors include:

    • The death of a spouse
    • Filing for divorce
    • Losing contact with loved ones
    • The death of a family member
    • Hospitalization (oneself or a family member)
    • Injury or illness (oneself or a family member)
    • Being abused or neglected
    • Separation from a spouse or committed relationship partner
    • Conflict in interpersonal relationships
    • Bankruptcy/Money Problems
    • Unemployment
    • Sleep problems
    • Children’s problems at school
    • Legal problems

    Examples of positive personal stressors include:

    • Receiving a promotion or raise at work
    • Starting a new job
    • Marriage
    • Buying a home
    • Having a child
    • Moving
    • Taking a vacation
    • Holiday seasons
    • Retiring
    • Taking educational classes or learning a new hobby

    Work and employment concerns such as those listed below are also frequent causes of distress:

    • Excessive job demands
    • Job insecurity
    • Conflicts with teammates and supervisors
    • Inadequate authority necessary to carry out tasks
    • Lack of training necessary to do the job
    • Making presentations in front of colleagues or clients
    • Unproductive and time-consuming meetings
    • Commuting and travel schedules

    Stressors are not always limited to situations where some external situation is creating a problem. Internal events such as feelings and thoughts and habitual behaviors can also cause negative stress.

    Common internally caused sources of distress include:

    • Fears: (e.g., fears of flying, heights, public speaking, chatting with strangers at a party)
    • Repetitive Thought Patterns:
    • Worrying about future events (e.g., waiting for medical test results or job restructuring)
    • Unrealistic, perfectionist expectations

    Habitual behavior patterns that can lead to stress include:

    • Overscheduling
    • Failing to be assertive
    • Procrastination and/or failing to plan ahead.

    It has been obsreved that  most of the people suffer from depression, anxiety or other mental illnesses due to relationship problems at work or at home. “Working briefly on one’s marriage every day will do more for his health and longevity than working out at a health club.” .

    Finances. According to Baptist Memorial Health Care, financial problems can lead to depression and are the number one problem for married couples, plus a major cause of divorce. Facing economical difficulties can shake up your need for security and even leave you scared about how you will survive.

    Health. Stress can certainly lead to health problems, but the converse also holds true: Health problems can be a major source of stress in your life. Illness may take a toll on one’s relationships and finances. An also, when one’s body isn’t feeling its best, he’ll have a harder time dealing with the stress that’s created.

    Career. Many of the employees view their jobs as the number one stressor in their lives.

                Many believe the employee has more on-the-job stress than a generation ago.

                Problems at work are more strongly associated with health complaints than are any other life stressor.Job stress can result from abusive work environment, unrealistic job demands, too much work for one employee or simply trying to perform a job that’s not right for him.

    Safety. Personal safety, for himself and his , is a prime source of stress that one faces in all environments (home, work, commuting, travel and other public places) and at all times throughout the day.

    Home. Though one’s home is supposed to be his haven, home life, from housework to yardwork and other chores, can be downright stressful. On top of that, rising property taxes and home improvement needs can put an added stress on your finances and your relationships.

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    GREETINGS TO ALL – 2010 (On new Year eve)

    Posted by sksingh on December 30th, 2009

    Happy new year 2010

    Another Day,another Month,another Year,

    another Smile,another Tear, another Winter,

    another Summer, another Rain too,

    But, there will be never another YOU!

    May Lovely – Lovely  &  Happy Time,

    Decorate you like the Sun – Shine,

    May Warm,Special Memories brighten your New Year

    Wonder of the New Year will be with you for ever

    May your New Year sparkle with moments of love, laughter and goodwill, And may the year ahead be full of contentment and joy.Let this New YEAR  be a period of reflection on glory & prosperity and project to better them the years before us.
     
    Have  wonderful New Year 2010.
     
    Thanks and Regards.

                                                                                                                   S K SINGH

    BLOG ADMINISTRATOR

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    GREETINGS TO ALL by S K Singh

    Posted by sksingh on December 24th, 2009
    Greetings to all

    Greetings to all

     Wishing a happy, joyful merry christmas for all. Heartiest greetings to all.

     

                                                                                                                   S K SINGH

    Blog Administrator 

    SKILL DEVELOPMENT

    Posted by sksingh on December 23rd, 2009

      By the term skill development it is generally meant development of skill i.e. development of inherent quality of an individual. It is the the ability, coming from one’s knowledge, practice, aptitude, etc., to do something well,competent excellence in performance, expertness, dexterity, a craft, trade, or job requiring manual dexterity or special training in which a person has competence and experience. 

    As per Wikipedia -

     “A skill is the learned capacity to carry out pre-determined results often with the minimum outlay of time, energy, or both. Skills can often be divided into domain-general and domain-specific skills. For example, in the domain of work, some general skills would include time management, teamwork and leadership, self motivation and others, whereas domain-specific skills would be useful only for a certain job. Skill usually requires certain environmental stimuli and situations to assess the level of skill being shown and used.”

    BY the term ” development”  we mean the act of developing or disclosing that which is unknown; a gradual unfolding process by which anything is developed, as a plan or method, or an image upon a photographic plate; gradual advancement or growth through a series of progressive changes; also, the result of developing, or a developed state.[1913 Webster]

    From  the above we under stand that a broad range of skills are required in order to contribute to a modern economy and the changing which is taking place in the technological society of the twenty-first century. A study undertaken by American Society for training & development showed that through technology, the workplace is changing continuouslly, and so are the skills that employees must have to be able to change with it i.e. with the changing scenario of workplace. The study identified basic skills that the workplace of the future would need in the employee of the future.

    REQUIRED SKILLS 

    •  
      • Aptitude for learning
      • Foundation skills
      • Basic competance
      • Aptitude for reading, writing & computation
      • skills for communication
      • Oral
      • Listening
      • Problem – solving
      • Creative thinking
      • Self – Esteem
      • Self motivation & goal setting
      • Employability & career development
      • Effective in the group
      • Interpersonal
      • Negitiation & team work
      • Influence
      • Organisational
      • Leadership

    From the above it is evident that with the changing scenario of work place, gradual evolution of the qualities in an idividual is very much required. The amount of development will vary from individual to individual depending upon inherited traits by him. The trainer should also be versed with the situation and should be able to guide the trainee in order to set and achieve the the goal in a definite time frame.  Development of skill of employees should be prime motto not only in terms of profit but also for the survival of the company in the wildly fluctuating market. “Survival of the fittest” is the rule of the market i.e. the jungle rule. We may procure land, machineries, technologies but man power is essential to operate and maintain the system i.e. the cash flow or profit in the organisation. ” Hire & fire ”  can not be applied always. We may not be able to get skilled personnel at the time of requirement. Hence empowerment of the existing staff with latest technologies & skill is vital fot the survival of the organisation.

     

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    STRESSOR

    Posted by sksingh on December 17th, 2009

    As already discussed earlier the events that cause/provoke sress are called stressor.

     As per WEB DICTIONARY Definitions of stressor is given as ” any agent that causes stress to an organism”.

    As per WIKIPEDIA, in chemistry, a stressor is something that either speeds up a reaction rate or keeps the reaction rate the same. Stressors include light, temperature and elevated sound level. Stressors also include the phenomena of substance concentration (does not shift equilibrium), catalysis, substance surface area (speeds up the reaction rate), and the nature of the reactants; in organismalbiology, a stressor is an external state change (such as a change of temperature or salinity) that results in a physiological response from an organism required to maintain homeostasis. Many organismal traits are occult until revealed by observing responses to stressors; this is particularly true of microorganisms.

    Stress is how the body reacts to a stressor, real or imagined, a stimulus that causes stress. Acute stressors affect an organism in the short term; chronic stressors over the longer term.

    “Selye researched the effects of stress on rats and other animals by exposing them to unpleasant or harmful stimuli. He found that all animals display a similar sequence of reactions, manifesting in three distinct stages. He labeled this universal response to stressors the general adaptation syndrome or GAS.

    Alarm is the first stage. When the threat or stressor is identified or realized, the body’s stress response is a state of alarm. During this stage adrenaline will be produced in order to bring about the fight or flight response. There is also some activation of the HPA axis, producing cortisol.

    Resistance is the second stage. If the stressor persists, it becomes necessary to attempt some means of coping with the stress. Although the body begins to try to adapt to the strains or demands of the environment, the body cannot keep this up indefinitely, so its resources are gradually depleted.

    Exhaustion is the third and final stage in the GAS model. At this point, all of the body’s resources are eventually depleted and the body is unable to maintain normal function. At this point the initial automatic nervous system symptoms may reappear (sweating, raised heart rate etc.). If stage three is extended, long term damage may result as the capacity of glands, especially the adrenal gland, and the immune system is exhausted and function is impaired resulting in decompesation.

    The result can manifest itself in obvious illnesses such as ulcers, depression, diabatese, trouble with the digestive system or even cardiovascular problems, along with other mental illnesses.

    Both negative and positive stressors can lead to stress. Some common categories and examples of stressors include: sensory input such as pain, bright light or environmental issues such as a lack of control over environmental circumstances, such as food, housing, health, freedom, or mobility.

    Social issues can also cause stress, such as struggles with conspecific or difficult individuals and social defeat, or relationship conflict,deception, or break ups, and major events such as births and deaths, marriage, and divorce.

    Life experiences such as poverty, unemployment, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, heavy drinking, or insufficient sleep can also cause stress. Students and workers may face stress from exams, project deadlines, and group projects.

    Adverse experiences during development (e.g. prenatal exposure to maternal stress, poor attachment histories, sexual abuse, are thought to contribute to deficits in the maturity of an individual’s stress response systems. One evaluation of the different stresses in people’s lives is the Holmes and Rahe stress scale.”             ……….. (wikipedia)

    There are a large no. of stressors affecting us in various ways. Many a time they act in combination with each other. It is really not possible to distinguish between them. Some times our daily routine also produce stress. To reach office at time also produce stress. Streesors are connected with our living styles, habbits, environment etc.

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    Stress Management – II

    Posted by sksingh on December 16th, 2009

    Stress has become a part of our daily life. It is a silent killer affecting all of us in various forms. People in general find a way for coping up with stress- either coping strategies healthy or unhealthy, helpful or unproductive? Unfortunately, it has bee observed that many people cope up with stress in ways that compound/incresase the problems

    Unhealthy ways of coping with stress:

    For coping up stresses quickly we develop habbits which give us releif and pleasure in short run. Such coping strategies seem to temporarily reduce stress, but these cause more damage in the long run:

    • Smoking
    • Drinking too much
    • Overeating or undereating
    • Zoning out for hours in front of the TV or computer
    • Withdrawing from friends, family, and activities
    • Using pills or drugs to relax
    • Sleeping too much
    • Procrastinating
    • Filling up every minute of the day to avoid facing problems
    • Taking out your stress on others (lashing out, angry outbursts, physical violence)

    By above we become slave of our self made habbits. If the methods of coping up with stress aren’t contributing to greater emotional and physical health, it’s time to find healthier ones. There are many healthy ways to manage and cope with stress, but they all require change. One can either change the situation (many a times it is not under one’s control) or change his reaction. When deciding which option to choose, it may be helpful to think of the four As: avoid, alter, adapt, or accept.

    Since everyone has a unique response to stress (varying from individual to individual) depending upon numerous factors, there is no universal (“one size fits all”) solution to managing it. No single method works for everyone or in every situation, so experiment with different techniques and strategies is essential in order to focus on what makes one feel calm and in control.

    Dealing with Stressful Situations: The Four A’s

    While dealing with stresses the four A’s are vital to be taken care of:

    Change the situation:

    • Avoid the stressor.
    • Alter the stressor.  

    Change your reaction:

    • Adapt to the stressor.
    • Accept the stressor.

     Stress management strategies  

    1: Avoid unnecessary stress

    It is easier to tell but very difficult to understand/implement in real terms. All stresses can not be  avoided, and also it’s not wise to avoid a situation that needs to be addressed. But the number of stressors can be eliminated:

    • Learn how to say “no” – It is essential to know our limits and stick to them - whether in our personal or professional life. Learning the art of refusing to accept added responsibilities, which are beyound our limit, in a polite way is necessary. It is a surefire recipe for stress.
    • Avoid people who stress you out – If someone consistently causes stress in our life and we can’t turn the relationship around, limit the amount of time or end the relationship entirely, if possible. 
    • Take control of your environment – If we get uneasiness in presence of certain things, events etc. , they must be avoided.
    • Avoid hot-button topics - If we get upset over religion or politics or any other topics, it is better to cross them off in our conversation list.
    • Pare down your to-do list - Our schedule, responsibilities, and daily tasks etc are to be analysed. It is essential to distinguish between the “shoulds” and the “musts.” Drop tasks that aren’t truly necessary to the bottom of the list or eliminate them entirely.

    2: Alter the situation

    If it is not possible toavoid a stressful situation, It must be tried to alter it. It must be found out what we can do to change things so the problem doesn’t repeat itself in the future. Often, it involves changing the way we behave and work in our day to day life.

    • Express your feelings instead of bottling them up. If something or someone is disturbing us, we should communicate our concerns in an open and respectful way. If we are not able to  voice our feelings, resentment will build and the situation will likely remain the same and we will be under stress. Our feelings can also be vented in different manner – blogging, chating,writing etc.
    • Be willing to compromise. When we ask someone to change their behavior, we must be ready to do the same. In the case, we both are willing to bend at least a little, we’ll have a good chance of finding a happy middle ground.
    • Be more assertive. Backseat in our own life should not be taken. Problems must be dealt with problems head on, doing our best to anticipate and prevent them in proper time.
    • manage your time better. Poor time management causes a lot of stress. When we are stretched too thin and running behind, it’s hard to stay calm and focused. But if we plan ahead and make sure we don’t overextend ourself, we may alter the amount of stress  under which we are.

    3: Adapt to the stressor

    If we are not able to change the stressor, it will be wiser to change ourself. We may be able to adapt to the stressful situations and regain our sense of control by changing our expectations and attitude.

    • Reframe problems. We may try to view stressful situations from a more positive . We may be able to find boon in disguise.
    • Look at the big picture. We should take perspective of the stressful situation. The duration of the situation may be small.
    • Adjust your standards. Perfectionism is a major source of avoidable stress. Stop setting ourself up for failure by demanding perfection in our working style.  Reasonable standards must be set for ourself and others, and learn the art of to be okay with “good enough.”
    • Focus on the positive. When stress is getting us down, we must take a moment to reflect on all the things we appreciate in our life, including our own positive qualities and gifts. This simple strategy can help us keep things in perspective.

    4:Adjustinging Our Attitude

    What we think affects us a lot physically & mentally. How we think can have a profound affect on our emotional and physical well-being. Each time we think a negative thought about ourself, our body reacts as if it we are in the throes of a tension-filled situation. If we see good things about ourself, we are more likely to feel good; the reverse is also true. Eliminate words such as “always,” “never,” “should,” and “must.” These are telltale marks of self-defeating thoughts.

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